The RNAi Web: RNAi/RNAi Timeline



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RNAi Timeline

Timeline	Who	What	Organism	Reference
1995	Guo S, and Kemphues KJ.	First noticed that sense RNA was as effective as antisense RNA for suppressing gene expression in worm	C. elegans	Guo S, and Kemphues KJ. par-1, a gene required for establishing polarity in C. elegans embryos, encodes a putative Ser/Thr kinase that is asymmetrically distributed. Cell. 1995 May 19;81(4):611-20.
1998	Fire et al.	First described RNAi phenomenon in C. elegans by injecting dsRNA into C. elegans which led to an efficient sequence-specific silencing and coined the term "RNA Interference".	C. elegans	Fire et al. Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature. 1998 Feb 19;391(6669):806-11.
2000	Zamore et al.	Reported processing of long dsRNA by Rnase III (Dicer) into shorter fragments of 21-23-nt intervals in Drosophila extracts	Drosophila	Zamore et al. RNAi: double-stranded RNA directs the ATP-dependent cleavage of mRNA at 21 to 23 nucleotide intervals. Cell. 2000 Mar 31;101(1):25-33.
2001	Bernstein et al.	Cloned Dicer, the RNase III enzyme that is evolutionarily conserved and contains helicase and PAZ domains, as well as two dsRNA-binding domains.	C. elegans	Bernstein et al. Role for a bidentate ribonuclease in the initiation step of RNA interference. Nature. 2001 Jan 18;409(6818):363-6.
2001	Tuschl T and colleagues	First described RNAi in mammalian cells	Mammals	Elbashir et al. Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature. 2001 May 24;411(6836):494-8.
2003	Paddison et al. Sui et al. Paul et al.	Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) induce sequence-specific silencing in mammalian cells.	Mammals	Paddison et al. Genes Dev. 2002 Apr 15;16(8):948-58 Sui et al Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Apr 16;99(8):5515-20 Paul et al. Nat Biotechnol. 2002 May;20(5):505-8
2003	Song et al.	First reported that siRNAs can be used therapeutically in whole animals.	Mammals	Song et al. RNA interference targeting Fas protects mice from fulminant hepatitis. Nat Med. 2003 Mar;9(3):347-51.
2004	Kawasaki and Taira Morris et al.	First observed that siRNA silences gene at transcriptional level possibly through directing de novo DNA methylation.	Human	Kawasaki and Taira Induction of DNA methylation and gene silencing by short interfering RNAs in human cells. [paper retracted from Nature] Nature. 2004 Aug 15 Morris et al. Small Interfering RNA-Induced Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Human Cells. Science. 2004 Aug 5
2004	Acuity Pharmaceuticals	First phase I clinical trial of siRNA drug for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)	Human	Acuity news release
2006	Andrew Fire and Craig Mello	Won Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering RNAi mechanism.		http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2006/press.html
2006	Li et al	First reported that small dsRNA induces gene expression activation, a phenomenon termed as RNAa	Human	Li et al. Small dsRNAs induce transcriptional activation in human cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006 Nov 14;103(46):17337-42. Epub 2006 Nov 3.

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